NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Biology

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Exercises

1. By looking at a plant externally can you tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄? Why and how?

Answer

We can't tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄ by looking at a plant externally. However, plants which which are adapted to dry climates follow the C₄ pathway. Unlike C₃ plants, the leaves of C₄ plants have a special anatomy but this difference can only be observed at the cellular level.

2. By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄? Explain.

Answer

As leaves of C₄ plants have a special anatomy called Kranz anatomy. This makes them different from C₃ plants. Special cells, known as bundle-sheath cells, surround the vascular bundles. These cells have a large number of chloroplasts. They are thick-walled and have no intercellular spaces. Therefore, we can tell whether a plant is C₃ or C₄ through internal structure.

3. Even though a very few cells in a C₄ plant carry out the biosynthetic - Calvin pathway, yet they are highly productive. Can you discuss why?

Answer

In C₄ plants photorespiration does not occur because they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO₂ at the enzyme site. This takes place when the C₄ acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle sheath cells to release CO₂ that results in increasing the intracellular concentration of CO₂. In turn, this ensures that the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimising the oxygenase activity. Thus, the photosynthesis rate increases and make C₄ plants more productive.

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4. RuBisCo is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think RuBisCo carries out more carboxylation in C₄ plants?

Answer

The enzyme RuBisCo is absent from the mesophyll cells of C₄ plants. It is present in the bundle-sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundles. In C₄ plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells. The primary CO₂ acceptor in the mesophyll cells is phosphoenol pyruvate -a three-carbon compound. It is converted into the four-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid (OAA). OAA is further converted into malic acid. Malic acid is transported to the bundle-sheath cells, where it undergoes decarboxylation and CO₂ fixation occurs by the Calvin cycle. This prevents the enzyme RuBisCo from acting as an oxygenase.

5. Suppose there were plants that had a high concentration of Chlorophyll b, but lacked chlorophyll a, would it carry out photosynthesis? Then why do plants have chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments?

Answer

If there were complete absence of chlorophyll a in a plant, it would not carry out photosynthetic activity at all because chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis as it traps light. Other accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, santhophylls and carotenoids are equally essential as they also absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a. They also enable a wider range of wavelength of incoming light to be utilised for photosynthesis and protect chlorophyll a from photo- oxidation.

6. Why is the colour of a leaf kept in the dark frequently yellow, or pale green? Which pigment do you think is more stable?

Answer

Chlorophyll or green pigment is unable to absorb energy in the absence of light therefore loses its stability. Thus, the colour of leaf changes to yellow or pale green. This shows that Carotenoids and Xanthophyll pigments are more stable.

7. Look at leaves of the same plant on the shady side and compare it with the leaves on the sunny side. Or, compare the potted plants kept in the sunlight with those in the shade. Which of them has leaves that are darker green? Why?

Answer

The plants placed in light will have darker leaves as compared to leaves of a plant placed in shade. As leaves in shade get lesser light for photosynthesis so they perform lesser photosynthesis as compared to the leaves or plants kept in sunlight. To increase the rate of photosynthesis, the leaves present in shade have more chlorophyll pigments. This increase in chlorophyll content increases the amount of light absorbed by the leaves, which in turn increases the rate of photosynthesis which makes the leaves or plants in shade greener than the leaves or plants kept in the sun.

8. Figure 13.10 shows the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis. Based on the graph, answer the following questions:

(a) At which point/s (A, B or C) in the curve is light a limiting factor?
(b) What could be the limiting factor/s in region A?
(c) What do C and D represent on the curve?

Answer

(a) At point A

(b) Light is a limiting factor also, water, temperature, and the concentration of carbon dioxide could also be limiting factors in the region A.

(c) C represents the stage beyond which light is not a limiting factor. D represents the stage beyond which intensity of light has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis.

9. Give comparison between the following:
(a) C₃ and C₄ pathways
(b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
(c) Anatomy of leaf in C₃ and C₄ plants

Answer

(a) C₃ and C₄ pathways

C3 pathways	C4 pathways
The primary acceptor of CO2  is RUBP - a five-carbon compound.	The primary acceptor of CO2 is phosphoenol pyruvate - a three-carbon compound.
The first stable product is 3 phosphoglycerate.	The first stable product is oxaloacetic acid.
It occurs only in the mesophyll cells of the leaves.	It occurs in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells of the leaves.
It is a slower process of carbon fixation and photo-respiratory losses are high.	It is a faster process of carbon fixation and photo-respiratory losses are low.

(b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation	Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
It occurs only in photosystem I.	It occurs both in photosystems I and II.
It involves only the synthesis of ATP.	It involves the synthesis of ATP and NADPH2.
In this process, photolysis of water does not occur. Therefore, oxygen is not produced.	In this process, photolysis of water takes place and oxygen is liberated.
In this process, electrons move in a closed circle.	In this process, electrons do not move in a closed circle.

(c) Anatomy of leaf in C₃ and C₄ plants

Anatomy of leaf in C3	Anatomy of leaf in C4
Bundle-sheath cells are absent	Bundle-sheath cells are present
RuBisCo is present in the mesophyll cells	RuBisCo is present in the bundle-sheath cells.
The first stable compound produced is 3-phosphoglycerate - a three-carbon compound.	The first stable compound produced is oxaloacetic acid - a four-carbon compound.
Photorespiration occurs	Photorespiration does not occur

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