NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Garden Snake (Poem) English

NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Garden Snake (Poem) Honeycomb English

By Muriel L. Sonne

Page No: 137

Working with the Poem

1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Pick out the line that suggests that the child is afraid of snakes.
(ii) Which line shows a complete change of the child’s attitude towards snakes? Read it aloud.
(iii) "But mother says that kind is good..." What is mother referring to?

Answer

(i) The line that suggests that the child is afraid of snakes is 'I saw a snake and ran away...'

(ii) 'I’ll stand aside and watch him pass,

      And tell myself, “There’s no mistake,

      It’s just a harmless garden snake!”'

(iii) The mother is referring to the harmless garden snake.

Page No: 138

2. Find the word that refers to the snake’s movements in the grass.

Answer

The word that refers to the snake’s movements in the grass is 'wiggles'.

3. There are four pairs of rhyming words in the poem. Say them aloud.

Answer

(i)  'Away' - 'say'

(ii) 'Good' - 'food'
(iv) 'Grass' - 'pass'
(iv) 'Mistake' - 'snake'

4. A snake has no legs or feet, but it moves very fast. Can you guess how? Discuss in the group.

Answer

A snake has no legs or feet, but it moves very fast as it slides over the grass with the help of its scales.

5. Can you recall the word used for a cobra’s long sharp teeth? Where did you come across this word first? 

Answer

Cobra's long sharp teeth are like two bows or forks that are ready to chase you down. It makes me frightened. They are called fangs which is hollow tube attached to a poisonous gland on one side. I came across these words as it looks very dangerous and sharp like knife.

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Vasant II- Class 7th NCERT Solutions in Hindi

Vasant II NCERT Solutions of Class 7 Hindi

Get answers of your textbook. If you have any problem in finding the correct answers of Vasant II Textbook then you can find here. This page will help in finding those NCERT Solutions of books.Here you find complete chapter detailed questions and answers of Class 7 Hindi. The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one. Also, you can read NCERT book online in this section.

पाठ 1 - हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के (कविता)
            शिवमंगल सिंह 'सुमन'

पाठ 2 - दादी माँ (कहानी)
            शिवप्रसाद सिंह

पाठ 3 - हिमालय की बेटियां (निबंध)
            नागार्जुन

पाठ 4 - कठपुतली (कविता)
            भवानीप्रसाद मिश्र

पाठ 5 - मिठाईवाला (कहानी)
            भगवतीप्रसाद वाजपेयी

पाठ 6 - रक्त और हमारा शरीर (निबंध)
            यतीश अग्रवाल

पाठ 7 - पापा खो गए (नाटक-मराठी)
            विजय तेंदुलकर

पाठ 8 - शाम - एक किसान (कविता)
            सर्वेश्वरदयाल सक्सेना

पाठ 9 - चिड़िया की बच्ची (कहानी)
            जैनेन्द्र कुमार

पाठ 10 - अपूर्व अनुभव (संस्मरण-जापानी)
              तेत्सुको कुरियानागी

पाठ 11 - रहीम के दोहे (कविता)
              रहीम

पाठ 12 - कंचा (कहानी-मलयालम)
              टी.पद्मनाभन

पाठ 13 - एक तिनका (कविता)
              अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय 'हरिऔध'

पाठ 14 - खानपान की बदलती तस्वीर (निबंध)
              प्रयाग शुक्ल

पाठ 15 - नीलकंठ (रेखाचित्र)
              महादेवी वर्मा

पाठ 16 - भोर और बरखा (कविता)
              मीराबाई

पाठ 17 - वीर कुंवर सिंह (जीवनी)
              विभागीय

पाठ 18 - संघर्ष के कारण मैं तुनुकमिज़ाज हो गया: धनराज (साक्षात्कार)
              विनीता पाण्डेय

पाठ 19 - आश्रम का अनुमानित व्यय (लेखा-जोखा)
              मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी

पाठ 20 - विप्लव गायन (कविता)
              बालकृष्ण शर्मा 'नवीन'

Baal Mahabharat NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 18 Body Fluids and Circulation Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 18 Body Fluids and Circulation Biology

Exercises 

Page No: 289

1. Name the components of the formed elements in the blood and mention one major function of each of them.

Answer

The components of the formed elements in the blood with their major function are:

→ Erythrocytes (RBC): The erythrocytes play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases.
→ Leucocytes (WBC): The leucocytes play an important role to fight against infections.

→ Thrombocytes (Platelets): Platelets are involve in the coagulation or clotting of blood.

2. What is the importance of plasma proteins?

Answer

The major plasma proteins are fibrinogen, globulins and albumins.

• Fibrinogen play important role in blood coagulation. 

• Globulins protects the body against infecting agents

• Albumins helps in maintaining the fluid volume within the vascular space.

3. Match column I with column II:

Column I			Column II
(a)	Eosinophils	(i)	Coagulation
(b)	RBC	(ii)	Universal Recipient
(c)	AB Group	(iii)	Resist Infections
(d)	Platelets	(iv)	Contraction of Heart
(e)	Systole	(v)	Gas transport

Answer

Column I			Column II
(a)	Eosinophils	(iii)	Resist Infections
(b)	RBC	(v)	Gas transport
(c)	AB Group	(ii)	Universal Recipient
(d)	Platelets	(i)	Coagulation
(e)	Systole	(iv)	Gas transport

4. Why do we consider blood as a connective tissue?

Answer

Blood as a connective tissue because:

→ Blood serves the purpose of connecting the body systems by transporting substances.

→ Blood is mesodermal in origin like any other connective tissues.

5. What is the difference between lymph and blood?

Answer

Lymph	Blood
It is red-coloured fluid	It is a colourless fluid.
It contains plasma and lesser number of WBCs and platelets.	It contains plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
Its plasma lacks proteins.	Its plasma has proteins, calcium, and phosphorus.
It transports nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood, through lymphatic vessels.	It transports nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another.
It helps in body defence and is a part of the immune system.	It helps in the circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The flow of lymph is slow.	The flow of blood in the blood vessels is fast.

6. What is meant by double circulation? What is its significance?

Answer

Double circulation is a process during which blood passes twice through the heart during one complete cycle. It consist of two separate circulation:

→ Systemic circulation: In this circulation the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of heart is pumped to all the body parts (except lungs) through aorta. After this, deoxygenated blood from various parts comes back to heart by superior and inferior vena cava into the right atria. This completes the 1st circulation.

→ Pulmonary circulation: In pulmonary circulation the deoxygenated blood brought back from body parts is pumped to lungs by the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. In lungs deoxygenated blood is again converted back to oxygenated blood and sent back to the heart in left atria by pulmonary veins. This completes the 2nd circulation.

The most important significance of this system is that the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix anywhere in the body thus improves the oxygen supplying capacity of the heart.

7. Write the differences between:
(a) Blood and Lymph
(b) Open and Closed system of circulation
(c) Systole and Diastole
(d) P-wave and T-wave

Answer

(a) Blood and Lymph

Lymph	Blood
It is a colourless fluid.	It is red-coloured fluid.
It contains plasma and lesser number of WBCs and platelets.	It contains plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
It transports nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood, through lymphatic vessels.	It transports nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another.
It helps in body defence and is a part of the immune system.	It helps in the circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

(b) Open and Closed system of circulation

Open system of circulation	Closed system of circulation
In this system, blood is pumped by the heart, through large vessels, into body cavities called sinuses.	In this system, blood is pumped by the heart, through a closed network of vessels.
The body tissues are in direct contact with blood.	The body tissues are in indirect contact with blood.
Blood flows at low pressure.	Blood flows at high pressure.
Blood flow cannot be regulated.	Blood flow can be regulated
This is present in arthropods and molluscs.	This is present in annelids, echinoderms, and vertebrates.

(c) Systole and Diastole

Systole	Diastole
It is the contraction of the heart chambers to drive blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.	It is the relaxation of the heart chambers between two contractions.
Systole decreases the volume of the heart chambers and forces the blood out of them.	Diastole brings the heart chambers back into their original sizes to receive more blood

(d) P-wave and T-wave

Systole	Diastole
In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the P-wave indicates the activation of the Sino-atrial node.	In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the T-wave represents ventricular relaxation.
During this phase, the impulse of contraction is generated by the SA node, causing atrial depolarisation.	During this phase, the ventricles relax and return to their normal state.
It is of atrial origin.	It is of ventricular origin.

8. Describe the evolutionary change in the pattern of heart among the vertebrates.

Answer

The heart of vertebrates evolved from the simple 2-chambered heart of fishes to complex multi-chambered hearts.
Fishes have a 2-chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle. Amphibians and the reptiles except crocodiles have a 3-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle, whereas crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a 4-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles.
In fishes the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by the gills and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart (single circulation).
In amphibians and reptiles, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the gills/lungs/skin and the right atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from other body parts. However, they get mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood (incomplete double circulation).
In birds and mammals, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood received by the left and right atria respectively passes on to the ventricles of the same sides. The ventricles pump it out without any mixing up, i.e., two separate circulatory pathways are present in these organisms, hence, these animals have double circulation.

9. Why do we call our heart myogenic?

Answer

Heart is called myogenic because all the normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically or the activities are auto regulated by specialised muscles known as nodal tissues without the need for an external stimulus to be delivered by the nervous system.

10. Sino-atrial node is called the pacemaker of our heart. Why?

Answer

The sino-atrial (SA) node is a node of specialised cardiac muscle fibres located in the upper part of the right atrium of the heart. The cardiac impulse originates from the SA node triggers a sequence of electrical events in the heart and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart. Therefore, it is called the pacemaker.

11. What is the significance of atrio-ventricular node and atrio-ventricular bundle in the functioning of heart?

Answer

The atrio-ventricular node and atrio-ventricular bundle has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli. Their main function is to get excited by the action potential initiated by the Sino- atrial node and conduct the stimulus to the remaining part of the heart through which they branch thus helping in the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart.

12. Define a cardiac cycle and the cardiac output.

Answer

The sequential events taking place in the heart which is the contraction or systole and relaxation or diastole of both the atria and ventricles is called cardiac cycle.

The volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles in one minute is called the cardiac output. 

13. Explain heart sounds.

Answer

Two prominent sounds are produced during each cardiac cycle. The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves. These sounds are of clinical diagnostic significance.

14. Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments in it.

Answer

Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.
The P-wave represents the electrical excitation or depolarization of the atria. Depolarisation of atria leads to atricular systole.
The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles which initiates ventricular systole.
The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation). The end of T-wave marks the end of systole.

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मनुष्यता- पठन सामग्री और व्याख्या NCERT Class 10th Hindi

पठन सामग्री, अतिरिक्त प्रश्न और उत्तर और व्याख्या - दोहे स्पर्श भाग - 2

व्याख्या

प्रस्तुत पाठ में कवि मैथलीशरण गुप्त ने सही अर्थों में मनुष्य किसे कहते हैं उसे बताया है। कविता परोपकार की भावना का बखान करती है तथा मनुष्य को भलाई और भाईचारे के पथ पर चलने का सलाह देती है।

विचार लो कि मर्त्य हो न मृत्यु से डरो कभी,
मरो परन्तु यों मरो कि याद जो करे सभी।
हुई न यों सु-मृत्यु तो वृथा मरे, वृथा जिए,
मरा नहीं वहीं कि जो जिया न आपके लिए।

वही पशु-प्रवृत्ति है कि आप आप ही चरे,

वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

कवि कहते हैं मनुष्य को ज्ञान होना चाहिए की वह मरणशील है इसलिए उसे मृत्यु से डरना नहीं चाहिए परन्तु उसे ऐसी सुमृत्यु को प्राप्त होना चाहिए जिससे सभी लोग मृत्यु के बाद भी याद करें। कवि के अनुसार ऐसे व्यक्ति का जीना या मरना व्यर्थ है जो खुद के लिए जीता हो। ऐसे व्यक्ति पशु के समान है असल मनुष्य वह है जो दूसरों की भलाई करे, उनके लिए जिए। ऐसे व्यक्ति को लोग मृत्यु के बाद भी याद रखते हैं।

उसी उदार की कथा सरस्वती बखानती,
उसी उदार से धरा कृतार्थ भाव मानती।
उसी उदार की सदा सजीव कीर्ति कूजती,
तथा उसी उदार को समस्त सृष्टि पूजती।
अखंड आत्म भाव जो असीम विश्व में भरे,
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

कवि के अनुसार उदार व्यक्तियों की उदारशीलता को पुस्तकों, इतिहासों में स्थान देकर उनका बखान किया जाता है, उनका समस्त लोग आभार मानते हैं तथा पूजते हैं। जो व्यक्ति विश्व में एकता और अखंडता को फैलता है उसकी कीर्ति का सारे संसार में गुणगान होता है। असल मनुष्य वह है जो दूसरों के लिए जिए मरे।

क्षुदार्त रंतिदेव ने दिया करस्थ थाल भी,

तथा दधीचि ने दिया परार्थ अस्थिजाल भी।

उशीनर क्षितीश ने स्वमांस दान भी किया,

सहर्ष वीर कर्ण ने शरीर-चर्म भी दिया।

अनित्य देह के लिए अनादि जीव क्या डरे,
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने पौरणिक कथाओं का उदारहण दिया है। भूख से व्याकुल रंतिदेव ने माँगने पर अपना भोजन का थाल भी दे दिया तथा देवताओं को बचाने के लिए दधीचि ने अपनी हड्डियों को व्रज बनाने के लिए दिया। राजा उशीनर ने कबूतर की जान बचाने के लिए अपने शरीर का मांस बहेलिए को दे दिया और वीर कर्ण ने अपना शारीरिक रक्षा कवच दान कर दिया। नश्वर शरीर के लिए मनुष्य को भयभीत नही होना चाहिए।

सहानुभूति चाहिए, महाविभूति है वही,
वशीकृता सदैव है बनी हुई स्वयं मही।
विरुद्धवाद बुद्ध का दया-प्रवाह में बहा,
विनीत लोक वर्ग क्या न सामने झुका रहे?
अहा! वही उदार है परोपकार जो करे,
वहीं मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

कवि ने सहानुभूति, उपकार और करुणा की भावना को सबसे बड़ी पूंजी बताया है और कहा है की इससे ईश्वर भी वश में हो जाते हैं। बुद्ध ने करुणावश पुरानी परम्पराओं को तोड़ा जो कि दुनिया की भलाई के लिए था इसलिए लोग आज भी उन्हें पूजते हैं। उदार व्यक्ति वह है जो दूसरों की भलाई करे।

रहो न भूल के कभी मदांध तुच्छ वित्त में
सन्त जन आपको करो न गर्व चित्त में
अन्त को हैं यहाँ त्रिलोकनाथ साथ में
दयालु दीन बन्धु के बडे विशाल हाथ हैं
अतीव भाग्यहीन हैं अंधेर भाव जो भरे
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

कवि कहते हैं की अगर किसी मनुष्य के पास यश, धन-दौलत है तो उसे इस बात के गर्व में अँधा होकर दूसरों की उपेक्षा नही करनी नहीं चाहिए क्योंकि इस संसार में कोई अनाथ नहीं है। ईश्वर का हाथ सभी के सर पर है। प्रभु के रहते भी जो व्याकुल है वह बड़ा भाग्यहीन है।

अनंत अंतरिक्ष में अनंत देव हैं खड़े¸
समक्ष ही स्वबाहु जो बढ़ा रहे बड़े–बड़े।
परस्परावलम्ब से उठो तथा बढ़ो सभी¸
अभी अमत्र्य–अंक में अपंक हो चढ़ो सभी।
रहो न यों कि एक से न काम और का सरे¸
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

कवि के अनुसार अनंत आकाश में असंख्य देवता मौजूद हैं जो अपने हाथ बढ़ाकर परोपकारी और दयालु मनुष्यों के स्वागत के लिए खड़े हैं। इसलिए हमें परस्पर सहयोग बनाकर उन ऊचाइयों को प्राप्त करना चाहिए जहाँ देवता स्वयं हमें अपने गोद में बिठायें। इस मरणशील संसार में हमें एक-दूसरे के कल्याण के कामों को करते रहें और स्वयं का उद्धार करें।

'मनुष्य मात्र बन्धु है' यही बड़ा विवेक है¸
पुराणपुरूष स्वयंभू पिता प्रसिद्ध एक है।
फलानुसार कर्म के अवश्य बाह्य भेद है¸
परंतु अंतरैक्य में प्रमाणभूत वेद हैं।
अनर्थ है कि बंधु हो न बंधु की व्यथा हरे¸
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

सभी मनुष्य एक दूसरे के भाई-बंधू है यह बहुत बड़ी समझ है सबके पिता ईश्वर हैं। भले ही मनुष्य के कर्म अनेक हैं परन्तु उनकी आत्मा में एकता है। कवि कहते हैं कि अगर भाई ही भाई की मदद नही करेगा तो उसका जीवन व्यर्थ है यानी हर मनुष्य को दूसरे की मदद को तत्पर रहना चाहिए।

चलो अभीष्ट मार्ग में सहर्ष खेलते हुए¸
विपत्ति विप्र जो पड़ें उन्हें ढकेलते हुए।
घटे न हेल मेल हाँ¸ बढ़े न भिन्नता कभी¸
अतर्क एक पंथ के सतर्क पंथ हों सभी।
तभी समर्थ भाव है कि तारता हुआ तरे¸
वही मनुष्य है कि जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे।।

अंतिम पंक्तियों में कवि मनुष्य को कहता है कि अपने इच्छित मार्ग पर प्रसन्नतापूर्वक हंसते खेलते चलो और रास्ते पर जो बाधा पड़े उन्हें हटाते हुए आगे बढ़ो। परन्तु इसमें मनुष्य को यह ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि उनका आपसी सामंजस्य न घटे और भेदभाव न बढ़े। जब हम एक दूसरे के दुखों को दूर करते हुए आगे बढ़ेंगे तभी हमारी समर्थता सिद्ध होगी और समस्त समाज की भी उन्नति होगी।

कवि परिचय

मैथिलीशरण गुप्त

इनका जन्म 1886 में झाँसी के करीब चिरगाँव में हुआ था। अपने जीवन काल में ही ये राष्ट्रकवि के रूप में विख्यात हुए। इनकी शिक्षा-दीक्षा घर पर ही हुई। संस्कृत, बांग्ला, मराठी और अंग्रेजी पर इनका सामान अधिकार था। ये रामभक्त कवि हैं। इन्होने भारतीय जीवन को समग्रता और प्रस्तुत करने का प्रयास किया।

प्रमुख कार्य

कृतियाँ - साकेत, यशोधरा जयद्रथ वध।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

• मृत्य - मरणशील
• वृथा - व्यर्थ
• पशु–प्रवृत्ति - पशु जैसा स्वभाव
• उदार - दानशील
• कृतार्थ - आभारी
• कीर्ति - यश
• क्षुधार्थ - भूख से व्याकुल

• रंतिदेव -एक परम दानी राजा

• करस्थ - हाथ में पकड़ा हुआ

• दधीची - एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि जिनकी हड्डियों से इंद्र का व्रज बना था

• परार्थ - जो दूसरे के लिए हो

• अस्थिजाल - हड्डियों का समूह

• उशीनर - गंधार देश का राजा

• क्षितीश - राजा

• स्वमांस - शरीर का मांस

• कर्ण - दान देने के लिए प्रसिद्ध कुंती पुत्र

• अनित्य - नश्वर 

• अनादि - जिसका आरम्भ ना हो

• सहानुभूति - हमदर्दी

• महाविभूति - बड़ी भारी पूँजी

• वशीकृता - वश में की हुई

• विरूद्धवाद बुद्ध का दया–प्रवाह में बहा - बुद्ध ने करुणावश उस समय की पारम्परिक मान्यताओं का विरोध किया था।

• विनीत - विनय से युक्त

• मदांध - जो गर्व से अँधा हो।

• वित्त - धन-संपत्ति

• अतीव - बहुत ज्यादा

• अनंत - जिसका कोई अंत ना हो

• परस्परावलम्ब - एक-दूसरे का सहारा

• अमृत्य–अंक - देवता की गोद

• अपंक - कलंक रहित

• स्वयंभू - स्वंय से उत्पन्न होने वाला

• अंतरैक्य - आत्मा की एकता

• प्रमाणभूत - साक्षी

• अभीष्ट - इक्षित

• अतर्क - तर्क से परे

• सतर्क पंथ - सावधानी यात्रा

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 2 Theory of Consumer Behaviour Microeconomics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 2 Theory of Consumer Behaviour Microeconomics

Page No: 34

Exercises

1. What do you mean by the budget set of a consumer?

Answer

The collection of all bundles that the consumer can buy with their income at the prevailing market prices is called budget set of a consumer.

2. What is a budget line?

Answer

The budget line represents the different combinations of two goods that a consumer can buy with their given income and prices of commodities.

Let x₁ be the amount of good 1.
x₂ be the amount of good 2.
P₁ be the price of good 1.
P₂ be the price of good 2.
P₁x₁ = Total money spent on good 1
P₁x₂ = Total money spent on good 2
Then, the budget line will be:
P₁x₁ + P₂x₂ = M

3. Explain why the budget line is downward sloping.

Answer

The budget line is downward sloping because a consumer can increase the consumption of good 1 only by decreasing the consumption of good 2. The consumer have limited income which she can spend to choose goods between good 1 and good 2.

4. A consumer wants to consume two goods. The prices of the two goods are Rs 4 and Rs 5 respectively. The consumer's income is Rs 20.
(i) Write down the equation of the budget line.
(ii) How much of good 1 can the consumer consume if he/she spends his/her entire income on that good?
(iii) How much of good 2 can be consumed if he/she spends his/her entire income on that good?
(iv) What is the slope of the budget line?

Answer

(i) P₁ = Rs 4

P₂ = Rs 5
M = Rs 20
Equation of the budget line = P₁x₁ + P₂x₂ = M
4x₁ + 5x₂=20

(ii) Total income = Rs 20
Price of good 1 per unit = Rs 4
Amount of good 1 consumer can purchase by spending entire income = 20/4 = 5 units.

(iii) Total income = Rs 20
Price of good 2 per unit = Rs 5
Amount of good 1 consumer can purchase by spending entire income = 20/5 = 4 units.

(iv) Slope of the budget lines = -P₁/P₂
= -Price of good 1/Price of good 2 = -4/5 = -0.8

5. How does the budget line change if the consumer's income increases to Rs 40 but the prices remain unchanged?

Answer

After income increase,

P₁ = Rs 4

P₂ = Rs 5
M = Rs 40
x₁ = 40/P₁ = 40/4 = 10 Units
x₂ = 40/P₂ = 40/5 = 8 Units
New Budget line is shown in the given figure

The new budget line R₁S₁ will show a parallel rightward shift from initial budget line RS. When the income increases then consumer can buy more goods at the prevailing market prices therefore intercept increases however slope of the line remains same as prices do not change.

6. How does the budget line change if the price of good 2 decreases by a rupee but the price of good 1 and the consumer's income remain unchanged?

Answer

After price of good 2 decreases by a rupee,

P₁ = Rs 4

P₂ = Rs 4
M = Rs 20
x₁ = 40/P₁ = 20/4 = 5 Units
x₂ = 40/P₂ = 20/4 = 5 Units
New Budget line is shown in the given figure

The slope of the new budget line will be more as price of good 2 changes. Also, the new budget line will be steeper than the initial budget line.

7. What happens to the budget set if the prices as well as the income double?

Answer

When the prices as well as the income double then there will be no impact on budget set. Original budget set is P₁x₁ + P₂x₂ = M. If the prices and income double then the new budget set will be:

2P₁x₁ + 2P₂x₂ = 2M

⇒ 2(P₁x₁ + P₂x₂) = 2M

⇒ P₁x₁ + P₂x₂ = M

So, there is no change in budget set. Also, the new budget line will be same.

8. Suppose a consumer can afford to buy 6 units of good 1 and 8 units of good 2 if he/she spends her entire income. The prices of two goods are Rs 6 and Rs 8. How much is the consumer's income?

Answer

P₁ = Rs 6

P₂ = Rs 8
x₁ = 6
x₂ = 8
Income = P₁x₁ + P₂x₂
∴ 6 × 6 + 8 × 8 = 36 + 64 = 100

Therefore, the consumer's income is Rs 100.

9. Suppose a consumer wants to consume two goods that are available only in integer units. The two goods are equally priced at Rs 10 and the consumer's income is Rs 40.
(i) Write down all the bundles that are available to the consumer.
(ii) Among the bundles that are available to a consumer, identify those that cost will him/her exactly Rs 40.

Answer

(i) The bundles that are available to the consumer as they cost Rs 40 or less are:

(0, 0)	(0, 1)	(0, 2)	(0, 3)	(0, 4)
(1, 0)	(1, 1)	(1, 2)	(1, 3)	(1, 4)
(2, 0)	(2, 1)	(2, 2)	(2, 3)	(2, 4)
(3, 0)	(3, 1)	(3, 2)	(3, 3)	(3, 4)
(4, 0)	(4, 1)	(4, 2)	(4, 3)	(4, 4)

(ii)  The bundles that are available to a consumer that cost him exactly Rs 40 are (0, 4), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), (4, 0).

10. What do you mean by monotonic preferences?

Answer

Monotonic preferences means that the consumer prefers a particular bundle over the other bundle if the former consists of at least more of one good and no less of the other good.

11. If the consumer has monotonic preferences, then can he/she be indifferent towards bundles (10, 8) and (8, 6)?

Answer

No, he/she cannot be indifferent between the two bundles because in the second bundle the quantity of both the goods has reduced.

Page No: 35

12. Suppose a consumer's preferences are monotonic. What can you say about his/her preference ranking over the bundles (10, 10), (10, 9) and (9, 9)?

Answer

If the consumer's preferences are monotonic then the ranking over the bundles will be (10, 10), (10, 9) and (9, 9) because consumer is not indifferent in monotonic preferences and wants more quantity than less.

13. Suppose your friend is indifferent to the bundles (5, 6) and (6, 6). Are the preferences of your friend monotonic?

Answer

No, friend is not monotonic because he is indifferent to the bundles. If preferences of friend is monotonic then he must prefer second bundle as it contains more of both the goods.

14. Suppose there are two consumers in the market for a good and their demand functions are as follows:
d₁(p) = 20 - p for any price less than or equal to 20 and d₁(p) = 0 at any price greater than 20.
d₂(p) = 30 - 2p for any price less than or equal to 15 and d₁(p) = 0 at any price greater than 15.
Find out the market demand function.

Answer

d₁(p) = 20 - p         p ≤ 20
d₁(p) = 0                p > 20      ...(i)
d₂(p) = 30 - 2p      p ≤ 15
d₁(p) = 0               p > 2015      ...(ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii) to market demand function (dm), we get
dm(p) = 50 - 3p for p ≤ 50/3
dm(p) = 20 - p   for p < 50/3 ≤ 20
dm(p) = 0          for p > 20

15. Suppose there are 20 consumers for a good and they have identical demand functions:

d(p) = 10 – 3p for any price less than or equal to 10/3 and d₁(p) = 0 at any price greater than 10/3.
What is the market demand function?

Answer

d₁(p) = 10 - 3p for p ≤ 10/3

d₁(p) = 0           for p ≤ 10/3

Number of consumers = 20

Market demand function dm(p) is obtained by multiplying individual demand function by 20.

Therefore, dm(p) = (10 - 3p) (20) for p ≤ 10/3

                 dm(p) = 0                     for p ≤ 10/3

16. Consider a market where there are just two consumers and suppose their demands for the good are given as follows:
Calculate the market demand for the goods.

p	d1	d2
1 2 3 4 5 6	9 8 7 6 5 4	24 20 18 16 14 12

Answer

p	d1	d2	Market demand = D = d1 + d2
1 2 3 4 5 6	9 8 7 6 5 4	24 20 18 16 14 12	9 + 24 = 33 8 + 20 = 28 7 + 18 = 25 6 + 16 = 22 5 + 14 = 19 4 + 12 = 16

17. What do you mean by a normal good?

Answer

A good whose demand increases with the increase in income of the consumers and demand decreases with the decrease in income of the consumers is known as normal good. There is a direct relationship between income and demand.

18. What do you mean by an 'inferior good'? Give some examples.

Answer

A good whose demands move in the opposite direction of the income of the consumer is known as an inferior good. For example: low quality food items like coarse cereals.

19. What do you mean by substitutes? Give examples of two goods which are substitutes of each other.

Answer

Those goods that can be consumed in place of other goods are called substitute goods. For example: Tea and coffee are goods that can be substitutes for each other. If the price of coffee increases, the consumers can shift to tea, and hence, the consumption of tea is likely to go up.

20. What do you mean by complements? Give examples of two goods which are complements of each other.

Answer

Those goods that are consumed together are called complementary goods. For example: Tea and sugar. An increase in the price of sugar is likely to decrease the demand for tea and a decrease in the price of sugar is likely to increase the demand for tea.

21. Explain price elasticity of demand.

Answer

Price-elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in its price. It is defined as the percentage change in demand for the good divided by the percentage change in its price.

e_D = Percentage change in demand for the good/Percentage change in the price of the good
e_D = ΔP/ΔQ × P/Q
where,
ΔQ = Q₂ - Q₁, change in demand
ΔP = P₂ - P₁, change in demand
P = Initial price
Q = Initial quantity

22. Consider the demand for a good. At price Rs 4, the demand for the good is 25 units. Suppose price of the good increases to Rs 5, and as a result, the demand for the good falls to 20 units. Calculate the price elasticity.

Answer

P₁ = 4                 Q₁ = 25
P₂ = 5                 Q₂ = 20
ΔP = P₂ - P₁         ΔQ = Q₂ - Q₁
= 5 - 4                 = 20 - 25

= 1                      = -5

e_D = ΔP/ΔQ × P/Q
= -5/1 × 4/25
= -4/5
e_D = -0.8

23. Consider the demand curve D(p) = 10 – 3p. What is the elasticity at price 5/3?

Answer

Elasticity of demand of demand (e_D) alognwith linear demand curve q = a - bp

i.e., the elasticity of demand at price 5/3 is unitary elastic.

24. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for a good is -0.2. If there is a 5% increase in the price of the good, then by what percentage will the demand for the good go down?

Answer

Price elasticity of demand = -0.2

Percentage change in price = 5%

Price elasticity of demand = Percentage change in demand/Percentage change in the price

-0.2 = Percentage change in demand/5

Percentage change in demand = -1

The demand for good will go down by 1%.

25. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for a good is -0.2. How will the expenditure on the good be affected if there is a 10% increase in its price?

Answer

Price elasticity of demand = -0.2
Percentage increase in price = 10%

Price elasticity of demand = Percentage change in demand/Percentage change in the price

-0.2 = Percentage change in demand/10

Percentage change in demand = -2

Thus, percentage decrease in demand is less than the percentage increase in price. This means that when price increases and e_D < 1, the demand is inelastic and hence, the expenditure will increase.

26. Suppose there was a 4% decrease in the price of a good, and as a result, the expenditure on the good increased by 2%. What can you say about the elasticity of demand?

Answer

Decrease in price = 4%

Rise in expenditure = 2%

Since, expenditure (P×Q) rises by less than 4& which means quantity demand rises by less than 4%. Thus, it is a case of inelastic demand, 0 < e_D < 1.

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NCERT Solutions of Class 11th: Ch 17 Breathing and exchange of gases Biology

NCERT Solutions of Class 11th: Ch 17 Breathing and exchange of gases Biology

Exercises

Page No: 277

1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance?

Answer

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is called vital capacity. It helps in finding differentiate causes of lung disease.

2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.

Answer

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing is called Functional residual capacity (FRC). This includes expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV). ERV=1000 to 1100 ml
RV = 1100 to 1200 ml
Thus, FRC = 2100 to 2300 ml

3. Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?

Answer

Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases. Exchange of gases also occur between blood and tissues. O₂ and CO₂ are exchanged in these sites by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient. Alveolar region is having enough pressure gradient to facilitate diffusion of gases while other regions of the respiratory system don’t have the required pressure gradient. Solubility of the gases as well as the thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion are also some important factors that can affect the rate of diffusion.

4. What are the major transport mechanisms for CO₂? Explain.

Answer

CO₂ is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin (about 20-25 per cent). This binding is related to the partial pressure of CO₂ . pO₂ is a major factor which could affect this binding. When pCO₂ is high and pO2 is low as in the tissues, more binding of carbon dioxide occurs whereas, when the pCO₂ is low and pO₂ is high as in the alveoli, dissociation of CO₂ from carbamino-haemoglobin takes place, i.e., CO₂ which is bound to haemoglobin from the tissues is delivered at the alveoli. RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too. This enzyme facilitates the following reaction in both directions.

At the tissue site where partial pressure of CO₂ is high due to catabolism, CO₂ diffuses into blood (RBCs and plasma) and forms HCO₃^– and H⁺, . At the alveolar site where pCO₂ is low, the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of CO₂ and H₂O. Thus, CO₂ trapped as bicarbonate at the tissue level and transported to the alveoli is released out as CO₂ as shown in above figure. Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately 4 ml of CO₂ to the alveoli.

5. What will be the pO₂ and pCO₂ in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air?
(i) pO₂ lesser, pCO₂ higher
(ii) pO₂ higher, pCO₂ lesser

(iii) pO₂ higher, pCO₂ higher
(iv) pO₂ lesser, pCO₂ lesser

Answer

(ii) pO₂ higher, pCO₂ lesser

6. Explain the process of inspiration under normal conditions.

Answer

Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis. The contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis. The overall increase in the thoracic volume causes a similar increase in pulmonary volume. An increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure. This pressure gradient forces the air from outside to move into the lungs and inspiration takes place.

7. How is respiration regulated?

Answer

The respiration is regulated bu neural system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called respiratory rhythm centre is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre. Neural signal from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate. A chemosensitive area is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO₂ and hydrogen ions. Increase in these substances can activate this centre, which in turn can signal the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be eliminated. Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise changes in CO₂ and H⁺ concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions. The role of oxygen in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant.

8. What is the effect of pCO₂ on oxygen transport?

Answer

pCO₂ plays a major role in transportation of oxygen. In the alveoli, the low pCO₂ and high pO₂ favours the formation of haemoglobin. In the tissues, the high pCO₂ and low pO₂ favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. Hence, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is enhanced by the decrease of pCO₂ in blood. Therefore, oxygen is transported in blood as oxyhaemoglobin and oxygen dissociates from it at the tissues.

9. What happens to the respiratory process in a man going up a hill?

Answer

When a man going up a hill he has to exert more effort to climb which increases the consumption of oxygen. As a result, the partial pressure of oxygen in haemoglobin decreases which creates more demand for oxygen. Thus, the breathing rate increases to fill this gap.

10. What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect?

Answer

Insects have a network of tubes known as tracheal tubes to transport atmospheric air within the body. The tracheae open on the lateral surface of the animal through minute pores called spiracles.

11. Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?

Answer

When percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O₂ is plotted against the pO₂ a sigmoid curve is obtained which is called Oxygen dissociation curve.

The dissociation curve is sigmoidal pattern because of the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin. As the first oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin, it increases the affinity for the second molecule of oxygen to bind. Subsequently, haemoglobin attracts more oxygen.

12. Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.

Answer

Hypoxia is defined as a condition of the body in which the tissue have shortage of oxygen. It generally happens because of a mismatch between oxygen demand and supply.

13. Distinguish between
(a) IRV and ERV
(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity
(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity

Answer

(a) IRV and ERV

Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)	Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.	It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration.
It is about 2500-3500 mL in the human lungs.	It is about 1000-1100 mL in the human lungs.

(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity

Inspiratory capacity (IC)	Expiratory capacity (EC)
It is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration.	It is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal inspiration.
It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. (IC = TV + IRV)	It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. (EC = TV + ERV)

(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity

Vital capacity (VC)	Total lung capacity (TLC)
It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration.	It is the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration. It includes IC, ERV, and residual volume.
It includes IC and ERV	It includes IC, ERV, and residual volume.
It is about 4000 mL in the human lungs.	It is about 5000-6000 mL in the human lungs.

14. What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.

Answer

Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration. It is approximately 500 ml in a healthy man.

The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human (taking 12 breathes/min) can be calculated as:

= 500 ml × 12 × 60 minute = 360000 ml

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Meadow Surprises (Poem) English

NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Meadow Surprises (Poem) Honeycomb English

By Lois Brandt Philips

Page No: 124

Working with the Poem

1. Read the lines in which the following phrases occur. Then discuss with your partner the meaning of each phrase in its context.

(i) velvet grass
(ii) drinking straws
(iii) meadow houses
(iv) amazing mound
(v) fuzzy head

Answer

(i) Velvet grass - the grass which is as soft as velvet.

(ii) drinking straws - The long narrow tube by which butterfly gets nectar from the flower.

(iii) meadow houses - habitats or home of animals like burrows in the ground, nests and ant’s mound.

(iv) fuzzy head - dandelion flowers which are covered by soft fibers like hair.

2. Which line in the poem suggests that you need a keen eye and a sharp ear to enjoy a meadow? Read aloud the stanza that contains this line.

Answer

The line in the poem suggests that you need a keen eye and a sharp ear to enjoy a meadow

"Oh! Meadows have surprises
And many things to tell;
You may discover these yourself,
If you look and listen well."

3. Find pictures of the kinds of birds, insects and scenes mentioned in the poem.

Answer

Students should do this by themselves. They can collect the pics of butterfly, rabbit, ants, birds etc.

4. Watch a tree or a plant, or walk across a field or park at the same time everyday for a week. Keep a diary of what you see and hear. At the end of the week, write a short paragraph or a poem about your experiences. Put your writing up on the class bulletin board.

Answer

Students should do this by themselves. However if further demanded by the readers of this website, our team will look at it.

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